Human-wildlife conflict is a growing issue across Africa. Here a lion has been killed in retaliation for killing livestock near Ruaha National Park, Tanzania.

Human-wildlife conflict can take a heavy economic toll. Here a cow has been killed by a lion near Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Tusk supports a number of initiatives to prevent human-wildlife conflict...

Since predators mostly attack at night, keeping livestock in a predator proof boma overnight (as shown here by Lion Landscapes Kenya) can significantly reduce attacks.

Anatolian shepherd dogs are being used to guard livestock from predators through Lion Landscapes Tanzania (Ruaha Carnivore Project)

Mayenga and her cubs in Botswana. CLAWS Conservancy have fitted a radio-satellite collar to Mayenga to track her movements, and to send an SMS alert to herders when she is nearby.

Elephants are often drawn to crops for an easy meal. A herd passing through fields can do considerable damage and impact people's livelihoods.

Elephant proof trenches have historically been dug to protect crops from elephants, which find the sides too steep to cross, but can be difficult to maintain and aren't always effective.

Beehive fences have been developed as an effective way to deter elephants, as shown here by the Tsavo Trust, with the added advantage of providing honey.

For beehive fences to work, a line of hives are connected by wire, as shown here in Uganda by Uganda Conservation Foundation. When an elephant hits the wire, the bees are disturbed and repel the elephants.

Elephants can also be repelled with chilli. Here a ping ping ball filled with ground chilli, oil and petrol is fired to deter them.